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Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes. Strategic management provides overall direction to the enterprise and involves specifying the organization's objectives, developing policies and plans designed to achieve these objectives, and then allocating resources to implement the plans. Academics and practicing managers have developed numerous models and frameworks to assist in strategic decision making in the context of complex environments and competitive dynamics.〔 Strategic management is not static in nature; the models often include a feedback loop to monitor execution and inform the next round of planning.〔Hill, Charles W.L., Gareth R. Jones, ''Strategic Management Theory: An Integrated Approach'', Cengage Learning, 10th edition 2012〕〔(Lamb, 1984:ix)〕〔Lamb, Robert, Boyden ''Competitive strategic management'', Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1984〕 Michael Porter identifies three principles underlying strategy: creating a "unique and valuable () position", making trade-offs by choosing "what not to do", and creating "fit" by aligning company activities with one another to support the chosen strategy. Dr. Vladimir Kvint defines strategy as "a system of finding, formulating, and developing a doctrine that will ensure long-term success if followed faithfully." Corporate strategy involves answering a key question from a portfolio perspective: "What business should we be in?" Business strategy involves answering the question: "How shall we compete in this business?"〔Chaffee, E. “Three models of strategy”, ''Academy of Management Review'', vol 10, no. 1, 1985.〕 In management theory and practice, a further distinction is often made between strategic management and operational management. Operational management is concerned primarily with improving efficiency and controlling costs within the boundaries set by the organization's strategy. ==Definition== Strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by a company's top management on behalf of owners, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization competes.〔 Strategy is defined as "the determination of the basic long-term goals of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for carrying out these goals."〔Chandler, Alfred ''Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the history of industrial enterprise'', Doubleday, New York, 1962.〕 Strategies are established to set direction, focus effort, define or clarify the organization, and provide consistency or guidance in response to the environment. Strategic management involves the related concepts of strategic planning and strategic thinking. Strategic planning is analytical in nature and refers to formalized procedures to produce the data and analyses used as inputs for strategic thinking, which synthesizes the data resulting in the strategy. Strategic planning may also refer to control mechanisms used to implement the strategy once it is determined. In other words, strategic planning happens ''around'' the strategic thinking or strategy making activity.〔 Strategic management is often described as involving two major processes: ''formulation'' and ''implementation'' of strategy. While described sequentially below, in practice the two processes are iterative and each provides input for the other. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Strategic management」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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